Picture slideshow of light pollution

Hi guys!
this is a little video i found on youtube which shows pictures of light pollutions. The cities depicted in these areas are cosmopolitan areas, city areas.

Here are some of the comments found on YouTube from people who have watched this clip

Pierre1Tournay:
Beatifull video !
If you see your skies being damaged by badly installed lights or lights that are blinding you as you drive, you can call your local Goverment or city hall and make a complaint. In Canada, they have to investigate your complaint. I got many problem lights corrected this way and you can too. Just aim for the bad lights and complain. And remember, turn your lights off if you don' t need them. Act, complain about it and do something locally. It will add up

astrofruechtchen:
Beautiful movie! Here in Germany there's a discussion running to enact a law against light pollution. Let's all hope, that the people will learn it :)

ARKTUR01:
When Poland has joined to European Union the problem of LP has started to grow up very rapidly, mainly due to "the river" of money from EU funds for infrastructure.
Every year thousands of new high-pressure sodium lamps are not properly installed (too much, too bright, and light is directed above horizon line).

What we can do to remedy light pollution?

Do you sometimes find yourself squinting at night just to see the roadway? Do you ever wonder why that is? Surely all the glare and obtrusive light causing this loss of visibility must be necessary-part of civilization.

After researching the causes of light pollution, we realized that we can have effective outdoor lighting without these problems. As a result, adopting a comprehensive outdoor lighting ordinance whose goals are to reduce unnecessary glare, thereby improving night-time visibility for safety and security. The ordinance will also help reduce unnecessary sky glow. Most of these improvements will even save energy, as well as reduce cost.

ENERGY SAVINGS

Much of the outdoor lighting that we see at night wastes energy in the following different ways: by excessive illumination, by unshielded or misaligned light fixtures, and by inefficient lamp sources.

EXCESSIVE ILLUMINATION.

The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IES) publishes recommendations for the lighting industry that include illuminance levels for outdoor lighting. We think these recommendations are safe and adequate and generally need not be exceeded. Increasing these levels is usually a waste of energy, since our eyes quickly adjust and the brightness often appears to be about the same.

Another waste of energy is when parking lots are brightly saturated with light after closing hours. Recommendations are towards reducing lighting levels "to maintain security when there is a low level of nighttime activity". This can easily be accomplished by leaving lights on near building entrances or other crucial places and to shut off most or all the rest.

UNSHIELDED OR MISALIGNED LIGHT FIXTURES.

Shielded light fixtures are generally referred to as "cutoff". When non-cutoff fixtures are used, glare is usually present within a driver's field of view. Luminance is the light we see reflected off the roadway surface or object being observed. When glare is visible, the IES states "stray light within the eye produces a veiling luminance...thereby impairing the ability of the driver to perform visual tasks". Utilizing full cutoff light fixtures significantly reduces glare and the "veiling luminance" effect, thus improving visibility.

Floodlight type of light fixtures, when misaligned or without appropriate visors, can contribute heavily to light pollution. Wall-pack flood lights can't be adjusted for directional control and are a poor choice for almost any outdoor lighting use. When improperly installed on buildings or poles, floodlights may even send more light upward and sideways than within the intended target areas.

The criterion for designing outdoor lighting has mainly been illuminance (the light that reaches the surface of the roadway or parking lot). However, the IES states "The human eye cannot see the light that strikes the pavement. It can only react to the pattern of light that is reflected in its direction". When glare is present, the veiling luminance effect "kicks in", blocking our ability to see all of this light. We do, in a sense, waste energy to produce light that we can't see because of glare. Even discomfort glare, a lesser kind of glare, should be avoided when possible. The IES says "discomfort glare may cause fatigue which may result in driver error".

INEFFICIENT LAMP SOURCE.

Use of the best lamp for the lighting task is crucial for maximizing energy efficiency. For example, if metal halide lamps were chosen over high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps to illuminate a parking lot it could cost 30-50 percent more in energy use than is necessary. If mercury vapor lamps were selected over HPS, the additional energy required could be 150 percent greater.


COST SAVINGS

Well designed outdoor lighting systems utilizing shielded luminaires should not cost more than poorly designed systems. In fact, reducing light pollution could even save money. The International Dark Sky Association (IDA), an organization that has been leading the anti-light pollution movement, estimates that over a billion dollars is wasted each year in unnecessary energy use.

The answer is not more light but the right kind of light. Cities and towns have never been more brightly lit, yet there is more crime than ever before. To a great extent, the attitude toward outdoor lighting today is like that of the auto industry during the gas-guzzling days of the sixties and seventies. If some light is good, then more must be better.

We're being blitzed with advertising for home security lighting by discount and home improvement retailers. Some of these light fixtures are energy efficient, but most are not. Some have directional control capability, but most do not. Glaring bright security light from dusk to dawn create a blinding illusion of home protection, but intruders can often hide in the harsh shadows from this glare. Being safe and feeling safe are not the same.

LIGHT POLLUTION's IMPACT ON ENERGY USAGE

IMPACT ON ENERGY USAGE

The human race uses millions and millions of barrels of oil or natural gas to empower our globalizing landscape, our 24 hour society, our infatuation with beautiful objects that brings about city beautification by addictively consuming ridiculous amounts of resources to power that deadly desire.


Energy conservation advocates contend that light pollution must be addressed by changing the habits of society, so that lighting is used more efficiently, with less waste and less creation of unwanted or unneeded illumination. The case against light pollution is strengthened by a range of studies on health effects, suggesting that excess light may induce loss in visual acuity, hypertension, headaches and increased incidence of carcinoma. Several industry groups also recognize light pollution as an important issue. For example, the Institution of Lightin Engineers in the United Kingdom provides its members information about light pollution, the problems it causes, and how to reduce its impact.

Since not everyone is irritated by the same lighting sources, it is common for one person's light "pollution" to be light that is desirable for another. One example of this is found in advertising, when an advertiser wishes for particular lights to be bright and visible, even though others find them annoying. Other types of light pollution are more certain. For instance, light that accidentally crosses a property boundary and annoys a neighbor is generally wasted and pollutive light.

Disputes are still common when deciding appropriate action, and differences in opinion over what light is considered reasonable, and who should be responsible, mean that negotiation must sometimes take place between parties. Where objective measurement is desired, light levels can be quantified by field measurement or mathematical modeling, with results typically displayed as an isophote map or light contour map. Authorities have also taken a variety of measures for dealing with light pollution, depending on the interests, beliefs and understandings of the society involved. Measures range from doing nothing at all, to implementing strict laws and regulations about how lights may be installed and used.

What are the adverse health effects caused by LP? - ETC effects

What are the adverse health effects caused by LP? - ETC effects


Fluorescent lighting, common in schools and in the workplace, also have unexpected effects on the human body and spirit.

Fluorescent lighting is bright and intrusive lighting that can have harmful affects when one is exposed to for eight hours a day five days a week.

Fluorescent lighting has been linked to work-related stress and high blood pressure. Studies show that those who are exposed to fluorescent lighting for extended periods of time on average measure at least 8 points higher in blood pressure than those who are not.

Fluorescent lighting has been linked to depression and vision problems in school age children as well.

Exposure to light at inappropriate times of the day can lead to conditions such as near-sightedness and sleep deprivation. Disrupting the normal sleeping cycle affects the natural body functions and productions that occur during REM. Such functions include the production of antibodies, the distribution of blood through out the body and the production of melatonin. Being exposed to artificial light at night has unfavorable psychological effects on the body which can weaken the body’s immunity system and disrupt the natural chemistries of blood and urine. Melatonin protects the body against hormone based cancers, most commonly, breast cancer. Disruptions in the production of melatonin occur when sleeping in a room that sits in the path of a street light or is constantly having cars beam lights in the window.

Studies also show that those children who sleep with night lights are more likely to develop vision problems and sleep deprivation than those who sleep in darkness.

Presently, excessive lighting has not shown any positive effects on humans or the environment. In fact more and more scientists and health care professionals are becoming aware of the dangerous affects light pollution has on humans. Because light pollution is a fairly new problem, the long term affects of light pollution are still unknown. Unfortunately, society has learned to depend on artificial light and that dependence would take years of struggle to overcome. Starry Night Lights can help you make informed decisions about which light fixtures or light bulbs to purchase and where and when to use them. Your home can be safely lit and still be light pollution free with the right combinations of lights. However, until more light is shed on how dangerous light pollution can be in the long run, it is better to do the best we can to make sure we have a good, dark night's sleep.


great... guys we really DO need to sleep! without the comp light on! ARGHHH

What are the adverse health effects caused by LP? - Premature Babies

Adverse Effects on human health - Premature Babies




Constant exposure to artificial hospital lighting may damage the development of premature babies' biological clocks as research suggests.



Tests showed exposing baby mice to constant light keeps the master biological clock in their brains from developing properly.



Researchers said this could contribute to an increased risk of mood disorders, such as depression.



The Vanderbilt University study appears in the journal Pediatric Research.



The researchers say their findings suggest special care baby units should try to minimise a baby's exposure to artificial lighting - possibly by using a day/night cycle.



Each year about 14 million premature babies are born worldwide, and many are exposed to artificial lighting in hospitals.





Synchronized cells


Previous research has found infants from neonatal units with cyclic lighting tend to begin sleeping through the night more quickly, and gain weight faster than those from units with constant lighting.


In all mammals the master biological clock is located in an area of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN).


It influences the activity of many organs, including the brain, heart, liver and lungs and regulates the daily activity cycles known as circadian rhythms.


The SCN is filled with special clock neuron cells whose activity is synchronized follow the 24-hour day/night cycle.


The Vanderbilt team had already shown SCN neurons in adult mice begin drifting out of a phase after the animals were exposed to constant light for about five months.


This is accompanied by a breakdown in their ability to maintain their normal nocturnal cycle.


Telltale glow


The latest study found that newborn mice were even more vulnerable to the effects of constant light than the adults.


The Vanderbilt team used genetically modified mice whose clock neurons produced a bright glow when active.


They found neurons in baby mice exposed to the normal light cycle quickly became synchronised.


In contrast, neurons in those animals exposed to constant light were unable to maintain coherent rhythms.


However, when these animals were then exposed to the day/night cycle of light their neurons rapidly fell into line.


The scientists then exposed some mice to constant light for a much longer period - and found that two-thirds were unable to establish a regular pattern of activity on an exercise wheel.


Conversely, newborn mice who spent their first three weeks in a day/night cycle were able to maintain their normal daily rhythm when later exposed to constant light.


Lead researcher Dr Douglas McMahon said more work was needed to establish whether disruption of a baby's biological clock could increase their vulnerability to mood disorders.


"All this is speculative at this point. But, certainly the data would indicate that human infants benefit from the synchronizing effect of a normal light cycle."


Efforts underway



Professor Andrew Shennan, an expert in obstetrics for Tommy's, the baby charity, said the link between light exposure and its effects on mood and behaviour were quite firmly established.


"Currently, any babies who are admitted to a special care baby unit are going to be exposed to incredibly harsh lighting to facilitate care, at anytime day or night that it is needed.


"Many units now try and reduce adverse stimuli including lighting for periods during the day and at night. "As a result of this research the potential benefit of reducing unnecessary light exposure must now be investigated, as it would seem that there is a strong possibility that this could improve the development of the body clock."


Newborn mice provide a good model for premature human infants because baby mice are born at an earlier stage of development than humans, a stage closely equivalent to that of premature babies.


OK GUYS! LOOK @ THE TIME! WE ALL GONNA HAVE PREMATURE CHILDREN! ARGHH

What are the adverse health effects caused by LP? - Cancer

Adverse Effects on human health - Cancer/ Breast Cancer
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Night life under electric lighting may cause serious behavioral disorders and physical diseases including cancer, according to a specialist team led of the Professor N.N. Pertov Scientific Research Institute of Oncology, Russian Ministry of Healthcare, and Petrozavodsk State University, who have been investigating the effects of night-time illumination on people's health for several years.
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The researchers summarized findings of their own investigations and extensive foreign experience, medical statistics and data of experiments carried out on rodents. Permanent bright light suppresses synthesis of melatonin, the hormone that impacts the endocrine system work and prevents cancerous growth formation and development.
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Light pollution has become almost an integral part of contemporary life. Bright electric light pours on the people who have to work on night shifts, pilots and stewardesses, who often travel from one time zone to another, and inhabitants of the North (where white nights take place in summer). Normal functioning in humans requires regular changing of day and night, light and darkness. In the dark, the epiphysis (the pineal gland) synthesizes the melatonin hormone, but the influence of light at night hours suppresses this synthesis. Melatonin is also a well-known biological blocker of malignant neoplasms.
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The more intense the night-time light, the stronger it suppresses the melatonin synthesis. Some people are more sensitive to night-time illumination's action than others, for example, women are generally more sensitive than men. Light pollution can cause premature reproductive system ageing, and increase the risk of breast cancer and large intestine cancer in women. Night workers and pilots more often suffer from large intestine or rectal cancers. In addition, irregular light can causes sleep disturbance, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases, metabolic derangements and, possibly increase the likelihood of developing diabetes.
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This is confirmed by results of experiments with rodents, which react to permanent light in the same way as humans do. Cancerous growth occurs more often with mice and rats under permanent light conditions, being more susceptible to chemical carcinogens and malignant cell inoculation. Mice suffering from cancer die more often in light pollution conditions than in controls with undisturbed day and night. A similar phenomenon is also recorded by clinicians: according to some observations, patients with large intestine cancer who retain the 24-hour rhythm of activity live longer than the patients with disrupted rhythms.
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Cancerous growth behavior is closely connected with the melatonin concentration in the serum. It usually changes depending on the time of the day, but with oncological patients and laboratory animals, the diurnal rhythm of melatonin in serum is significantly disrupted, and its concentration is below normal.
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GREAT, LOOK @ THE TIME, WE ARE ALL GONNA GET BC!

HOW DOES LIGHT POLLUTION DISRUPT OUR ECO-SYSTEM?

Light pollution disrupts our ecosystem.

Light pollution affects the biological rhythm of animals such as birds, insects and rodents. We switch on millions of lights at night. Excessive lighting disturbs night time migrating birds, which are attracted to light at night and thus collide with structures. Millions of birds die this way each year.

Light pollution is threatening the future of this endangered marine turtle. Hatchling sea turtles attracted to light try to reach to the source of the light, assuming that the light comes from the sea, but they end up desiccated or eaten by predators near their natal beaches.

INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT POLLUTION V - Over-Illumination

As a continuation to our previous post- Final installment!





*OVER-ILLUMINATION*

Over-illumination, basically means – excessive use of light
Over-illumination stems from several factors:

(1) Not using timers, occupancy sensors or other controls to extinguish lighting when not needed

Improper design, especially of workplace spaces, by specifying higher levels of light than needed for a given task

(2) Incorrect choice of fixtures or light bulbs, which do not direct light into areas as needed
Improper selection of hardware to utilize more energy than needed to accomplish the lighting task

(3) Office building being illuminated by HPS lamps (High-Pressure Sodium lamps) shining upwards, which causes a significant amount of light pollution, e.g., light trespassing into neighbouring buildings.Incomplete training of building managers and occupants to use lighting systems efficiently

(4) Inadequate lighting maintenance resulting in increased stray light and energy costs

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We illuminate our world by millions and millions of lights at night, whether it is natural gas burning in oil wells or industrial fisheries using lights to attract squid and other ocean life. The view from space is a picture of waste and exploitation, a visual record of the squandering of our natural capital and ecosystems.

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Light pouring into the sky serves no purpose except as a symbol of vanity, like spotlights at a Westwood premiere only for beautification with an exorbitant price to it. Besides, the wasted energy almost surely contributes to air pollution, global warming or other ecological disruption. Light pollution also obscures the view of the night sky, causing visual blight; and disrupts the natural rhythms of some species.

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These disruptions are real. Night migrating birds attracted to lights collide with structures. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that 4 million to 5 million birds die this way every year. Hatchling sea turtles attracted to light end up desiccated or eaten near their natal beaches.

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Light is a drug, and our 24-hour society abuses it. Humans produce the hormone melatonin in the dark. Without darkness, production is diminished. This partially explains the greater incidence of breast cancer in women who work the night shift and never sleep in complete darkness, greater incidence of depression in full-time students that slog to meet ridiculous deadlines.

INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT POLLUTION IV - light trespass

Continuation to previous post



Light Trespass

Light trespass occurs when spill light is cast where it is not wanted. Light trespass is somewhat subjective because it is difficult to define when, where, and how much light is unwanted. An example of light trespass is when spill light from a streetlight or floodlight enters a window and illuminates an indoor area. Figures A and B depict examples of light trespass. The light trespass shown in Figure A would be significantly reduced if a shield were placed on the luminaries. In Figure B, the floodlight on the hotel casts light on the home across the street. Proper aiming of the floodlight and shielding would significantly reduce the light trespass shown in this example, shown below.

The Beautiful Night Sky

Purkinje effect

With reference to "Intro to LP I - Sky glow" 's Purkinje effect

The Purkinje effect is the tendency for the peak sensitivity of the human eye to shift toward the blue end of the color spectrum at low illumination levels.

This effect introduces a difference in color contrast under different levels of illumination. For instance, in bright sunlight, geranium flowers appear bright red against the dull green of their leaves, but in the same scene viewed at dusk, the contrast is reversed, with the petals appearing a dull red and the leaves appearing bright green.

In visual astronomy, the Purkinje shift can affect visual estimates of variable stars when using comparison stars of different colors, especially if one of the stars is red. The effect occurs because the color-sensitive cones in the retina are most sensitive to yellow light, whereas the rods, which are more light-sensitive (and thus more important in low light) but which do not distinguish colours, respond best to green-blue light. This is why we become virtually color-blind under low levels of illumination, for instance moonlight.

The Purkinje effect occurs at the transition between primary use of the photopic (cone- based) and scotopic (rod-based) systems: as intensity dims, the rods take over, and before color disappears completely, it shifts towards the rods' top sensitivity. The insensitivity of rods to long-wavelength light is related to the use of red lights under certain special circumstances - for example, on the bridges of submarines, in research laboratories, or during naked-eye astronomy. Under most circumstances, either the photopic system or scotopic system is active, not both. Under low light levels, the cones are insensitive and do not function. Under high light levels, the rods are saturated, and do not function. (Eg. Cats have great night vision but they are not sensitive to colours; because they have more rods than cones in their eyes)

Under conditions where it is desirable to have both systems active, red lights provide a solution. Submarines are dimly lit to conserve energy, but the bridge must be lit to allow crew members to read instrument panels. By using red lights, the cones can receive enough light to provide photopic vision (namely the high-acuity vision required for reading; albeit under red light the photopic vision will be monochromatic). Because the rods are not saturated by bright light and are not sensitive to long-wavelength red light, however, the crew member remains dark adapted. If the crew member left the bridge for some dimly lit part of the ship, rather than being functionally blind (as would be the case had the bridge been illuminated by full spectrum light), the scotopic system is fully dark adapted and able to provide high-sensitivity vision.

Red lights are also often used in research settings. Many research animals (such as rats and mice) have only scotopic vision - they do not have cone photoreceptors. By using red lights, the animal subjects remain "in the dark" (the active period for nocturnal animals), but the human researchers, who have one kind of cone that is sensitive to long wavelengths, are able to read instruments or perform procedures that would be impractical even with a fully dark adapted (but low acuity) scotopic vision.

For the same reason, zoo displays of nocturnal animals often are illuminated with red light. Red lights are also used as safelights in darkrooms: many photographic papers are engineered to be insensitive to red light.

INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT POLLUTION III - clutter

As a continuation to our previous post!


We proudly present once again!:

*CLUTTER*

Clutter refers to the excessive groupings of lights. Groupings of lights can potentially cause accidents to occur. For example, clutter is particularly obvious on roads where the street lights are badly designed or where brightly lit advertising surrounds the roadways. Depending on the motive of the person or organization who installed the lights, their placement and design may even be intended to distract drivers which contribute to accidents.
Figure 5 Clutter of lights reflected on glassClutter is also a hazard in the aviation environment, if aviation safety lighting must compete for pilot attention with non-relevant lighting. For instance, runway lighting may be confused with an array of suburban commercial lighting and aircraft collision avoidance lights may be confused with ground lights.

INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT POLLUTION II - glare

As a continuation to our previous post:


We proudly present:

*GLARE* (- . -)

Often after a bright camera flashes in your eye, do you feel this uncomfortable sensation, where your eyes is trying to recover from that blotches of dark areas in your vision? That is a result of BLINDING GLARE!

Glare is usually the result of excessive contrast between bright and dark areas in the field of view. For example, glare can be associated with directly viewing the filament of an unshielded or badly shielded light. Light shining into the eyes of pedestrians and drivers can obscure night vision for up to an hour after exposure. Caused by high contrast between light and dark areas, glare can also make it difficult for the human eye to adjust to the differences in brightness.

Glare is particularly an issue in road safety, as bright and/or badly shielded lights around roads may contribute to accidents as it might unexpectedly, partially blind drivers and pedestrians.

Glare can also result in reduced contrast, due to light scattering in the eye by excessive brightness, or to reflection of light from dark areas in the field of vision, with luminance similar to the background luminance. This kind of glare is a particular instance of disability glare, called veiling glare.

Glare can be categorized into different types. One such classification is described in a book by Bob Mizon, coordinator for the British Astronomical Association's Campaign for Dark Skies. According to this classification:

Blinding Glare describes effects such as that caused by staring into the Sun. It is completely blinding and leaves temporary or permanent vision deficiencies.

Disability Glare describes effects such as being blinded by an oncoming cars lights, or light scattering in fog or in the eye reduces contrast, as well as reflections from print and other dark areas that render them bright, with significant reduction in sight capabilities.

Discomfort Glare does not typically cause a dangerous situation in itself, and is annoying and irritating at best. It can potentially cause fatigue if experienced over extended periods, and lead to more serious depression, lethargy, mentally-stressful disorders.

Due to our uploader's LIMITED tech-savvy capability, the pictures turned out like that. (look upwards) SORRY! x(

INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT POLLUTION I - sky glow

For starters, it is very important that we thoroughly understand how Light pollution affects us and also others in our daily life.

A survey by the International Dark Sky Association shows that every 3 out of 5 people who resides in cosmopolitan cities such as New York, Shanghai, Tokyo, Hong Kong and the crux is that, these people are not even aware of it! Or, they just dismiss it as a trivial affair.

Therefore this page will be dedicated to explaining exactly what Light pollution is about, what causes it, how to calculate light, how fast it travels.

1. What is Light Pollution?
Light pollution is basically: Excess obstrusive man-made light which causes illumination of the night sky with artificial light against the natural background radiation.
Usually classified into Sky Glow/Urban Sky glow, glare, clutter, light-trespass and over-illumination
1. Sky Glow


Sky glow refers to the "glow" effect that can be seen over populated areas. It is the combination of all light reflected from all sources of illumination escaping up into the sky, including light that are badly-directed, being redirected by the atmosphere back toward the ground.

This redirection is due to the wavelength of the light when the air is very clear (with very little aerosols). "Rayleigh scattering" dominates in such clear air, making the sky appear blue in the daytime. When there is significant aerosol which is typical of most modern conditions that are moe or less polluted.

The redirected light has less dependence on wavelength, making a whiter daytime sky. Due to this Rayleigh effect, and because of the eye's increased sensitivity to white or blue-rich light sources when adapted to very low light levels (Purkinje effect/ Dark adaptation), white or blue-rich light contributes significantly more to sky-glow than an equal amount of yellow light.



Sky glow is of particular irritation to astronomers, as it reduces contrast in the night sky to the extent where it may even become impossible to see any but the brightest stars. Taking away our "starry starry nights".
This pair of pictures shows us the effects of skyglow. The first picture (left) with its starry starry sky is Ontario on 14/08/03 the night of the East Coast USA Blackout. The second picture (right) is also Ontario on 15/08/03 the night after the EC USA Blackout where the lights are back on again and there werent any stars visible.

LIGHT POLLUTION

Hi everyone!

Welcome to our website!

Ever since the great Einstein invented the light bulb! It has brought the human race much more convenience and paved the great broadway to development in the human race! As we no longer stop dead in our tracks when the night curtain falls.

Undeniably, the invention of the great light bulb has definitely brought immense convenience for the human race. BUT, it has also brought about a new form of pollution - LIGHT POLLUTION which are becoming more and more prominent in the years to come as more places around the globe has became more and more industrialised and even transformed into cosmopolitan cities that never sleeps, even @ the dead of our darkest nights.

We aim to raise awareness about Light pollution, which is not as widely known as a form of pollution as compared to land, water and air because it's effects is not that visibly clear.

Even so, light pollution does affect us in many ways although not as prominent; it can affect the psychological well-being of not only humans, but also animals.

Also, we want to find out preventive measures and more solutions to this problem and if possible, we would also like to look into the case studies of other countries, and what we can learn from them. We also aim to integrate physics into the study of our environment.


Posted by the Darks